Roles of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Cardiovascular Calcification.

High mobility group box-1 protein – one step closer to the clinic?

High mobility group box (HMGB)1, originally described as a nuclear protein that binds to and modifies DNA, is now regarded as a central mediator of inflammation by acting as a cytokine. HMGB1 is postulated to be particularly important as a late acting mediator of lethal septicaemia in mice. Furthermore, it has been suggested that HMGB1 plays a role in clinical conditions such as autoimmunity, a...

Activation of Toll-Like Receptors 2 by High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Monocytes from Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death all around the world, and ischemic stroke is considered to be the most common stroke type. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules for detection of both pathogen invasion and tissue damage. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression level of TLR2 on monocytes in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate th...

The Impact of Interleukin-18 and High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Signaling in Aortic Valve Calcification.

High mobility group box 1 induces calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells via toll-like receptor 4

Chronic inflammation and the calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) are the primary etiologies of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the importance of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) via toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) for the regulation of inflammation and calcification in AVICs. It wa...

Serum high mobility group box-1 and osteoprotegerin levels are associated with peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia in type 2 diabetic subjects

BACKGROUND High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) is a nuclear protein also acting as inflammatory mediator, whilst osteoprotegerin (OPG), member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is indicated as marker of vascular calcification. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are clinical conditions characterized by elevated serum inflammatory markers and vascular calcificat...